There should be some ways to install chameleon without OS X but it doesnt seem to be easy.
You need to be able to create HFS+ partitions, that is working in latest versions of gparted, though I'm not sure how compatible with OS X they are though.
Apart from that you would need to install the mbr and the bootsector to the partition, there is dd for linux but I dont know if you could write the mbr with a similar command:
dd if=boot0 of=/dev/sdX
dd if=boot1h of=/dev/sdX1
And put the boot file in / of course but that should not be a problem.
Also it seems to be posible to put chameleon on a FAT32 partition, using boot1f32 instead of boot1h, but it seems to have some bugs of troubles, there is another thread here about other subject that also discuss this, but it doesnt detail what the problem is with boot1f32.
If that boot1f32 would work you could do it from windows using a standard FAT32 partition and tools like MBRWizard or HDHacker to save the mbr, I'm not sure how to write the bootsector, maybe there is a dd for windows that works or maybe using the dsfok tools used in grub4dos.
All of this assumes a MBR partition table, if you need to support GPT I'm not sure about the requirements, it is supported in recent gparted versions too and in Vista and Windows 7 I think. But I'm not sure if the process of installing mbr & bootsector would be the same.
Just some ideas, nothing I've ever tried, I guess we all have running hackintoshes to worry about this.